Public employees belonging to the Cabinet Office and each Ministry, which are national administrative agencies, are called "national public employees." The National Personnel Authority is engaged in adjusting working conditions, such as working hours and remuneration, for all national public employees in regular service in Japan, and handles operations related to securing and developing human resources, such as planning and implementation of recruitment examinations and training.

The Authority conducts research on and compares the actual state of remuneration for national public employees and for employees in private companies every year in an effort to set tax-funded remuneration for national public employees at an appropriate level, which can obtain the people's understanding. National public employees, who are servants of all the people of Japan, work for the public benefit, so they are being imposed on with much stricter service obligations and restrictions than those imposed on employees in private companies. For this reason, the Authority also carries out planning and provides guidance on systems for service and disciplinary punishment.