(Unofficial Translation)

 

      
 

International Cultural

    Exchange in a New Era

                         June 1994 Advisory Group on International Cultural Exchange



                                                Table of Contents

 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1

I. International Cultural Exchange Today: A Response to a New Era......................................................................................... 1
1. Changes in Japan's International Environment.............................................................................................................. 2
2. Greater Contributions to the International Community.................................................................................................................. 4
3. The Internationalization of Japan.................................................................. 5
II. Towards a Rapid Expansion of International Cultural Exchange: Strengthening the Infrastructure.................................................................... 6
1. Exchange Programs Organized at the Private and Local Level: Each Citizen as a Participant............................................................................. 7
2. Budget Increases for International Cultural Exchange..................................................................................................................... 9
3. Deregulation in International Cultural Exchange....................................................................................................................11
III. International Cultural Exchange Activities for a New Era...........................................................................................................12
1. Exchange Programs for a Better Future in the Asia-Pacific Region...............................................................................13
2. Promoting Future-Oriented Exchange...................................................................................................................14
3. Invigorating Foreign Cultural, Scientific and Academic Exchanges...................................................................................17
4. Deepening Understanding of Japan...............................................................20
5. International Contributions through Cultural Exchange.................................................................................................24
6. Contributing to the Development of a Richer World Culture..........................................................................................................25
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................27



                             Introduction

                                        

      This Advisory Group was formed in October, 1993 in

 response to a request from the Prime Minister that the

 current state and future direction of Japan's

 international cultural exchanges be reexamined in view of

 changing domestic and international circumstances.  Group

 members gave serious and thoughtful consideration to this

 critical issue in a total of five plenary meetings and six

 subcommittee meetings.  Hearings were also held to obtain

 the views of relevant Japanese and foreign organizations

 and groups, and to solicit the opinions of foreign

 experts.  In addition, several members took part in a

 study tour of Southeast Asia.

      The present report summarizes the results of these

 various discussions and deliberations.  We strongly urge

 that its recommendations be reflected in Japan's

 international cultural exchange policies.  We also hope

 that individual Japanese citizens will take this

 opportunity to play an increasing role in international

 cultural exchange.



      

      

 I.  International Cultural Exchange Today:  A Response to

     a New Era

     

      The importance of international cultural exchange has

 been discussed on many occasions in the past.  Then why,

 one might ask, is this issue being brought up again?  The

 answer is that the immense changes in Japan's

 international environment and domestic circumstances over

 the last few years have made international cultural

 exchange more important than ever for Japan.  It is

 essential to reconsider how Japan's international cultural

 exchanges should be conducted in this new era.




 1.  Changes in Japan's International Environment

     

       (i)  The end of the Cold War has complicated

 relations between countries.  With the fading of

 ideological confrontation, Japan must work harder at

 maintaining a more constructive relationship with the

 various "Western" countries.  International cultural

 exchanges which recognize and promote common interests and

 values have become an indispensable condition for the

 maintenance and development of constructive foreign

 relationships.

      (ii)  The ideological confrontation between countries

 that was characteristic of the Cold War period has been

 replaced by the emergence, and increasing severity, of

 problems rooted in ethnic and cultural differences.  For

 the sake of coexistence among the world's nations, there

 is thus a greater demand than ever for activities leading

 to an appreciation and respect for other cultures and to a

 deepening of international understanding.

      (iii)  There has been a rapid increase in

 interdependence among different countries and their

 citizens, particularly in the economic sphere.  For 

 example, during the last ten years, Japan's direct foreign

 investments have increased in value 7.3 times, while trade

 volume, expressed in dollar terms, has about doubled. 

 Increased economic interdependence has brought economic

 benefits to individual countries, but has also increased

 the likelihood of friction between countries.  The long-

 term development of friendly relations with foreign

 countries will be difficult unless these economic

 developments are balanced by the vigorous promotion of

 mutual cultural understanding and human ties. 

      (iv)  With the end of East-West confrontation and the

 growth of interdependent relations, global issues such as

 environmental problems and the plight of refugees have

 taken on a new urgency.  Providing aid to former socialist

 countries in their transition to market economies has also

 become an important task.  There is a growing demand in

 Japan for international cooperation to cope with these

 issues, and the importance of exchange activities has

 risen accordingly.

      (v)  Efforts in the political and economic spheres

 are of course necessary to resolve these pressing internal

 and external issues.  Ultimately, however, the most

 effective key will be the pursuit of international

 cultural exchange activities which are grounded in a long-

 term perspective.  Many international cultural exchange

 activities bear fruit only after a long period of

 sustained effort.  This is precisely why it is necessary

 to start working in earnest now -- once events have

 reached the crisis stage, it will be too late.  Looking at

 the current domestic and external situation from a long-

 term perspective, Japan can survive as a member of the

 international community only if it immediately adopts a

 more serious, thoroughgoing approach to cultural exchange

 on a global scale.


     

 2.  Greater Contributions to the International Community

     

      (i)  Japan's economy now represents 15% of total

 world GNP, and there is a tendency to view its

 international presence in largely economic terms.  In this

 context, it is of the greatest urgency for Japan to form

 stronger links with foreign countries in the non-economic

 sphere and to develop a more balanced relationship with

 the international community.  It is important for Japan to

 adopt a raised profile in the area of international

 cultural exchange and use this as a basis for building

 relations with other countries.  This is a necessary

 condition for gaining better understanding and

 appreciation of Japan from the world community, and will

 also represent a contribution to the building of a new

 world order.

      (ii)  Some years ago the Japanese government

 advocated an enhanced role for international cultural

 exchange as one of its three pillars of international

 cooperation.  Since then, expectations regarding Japan's

 international contributions have increased together with

 its economic power.  The above-mentioned changes in the

 world's political situation have made it more important

 than ever for Japan to make cultural, scientific and

 scholastic contributions toward the development of world

 culture and  the solution of global problems such as those

 described above.  It is also indispensable for Japan to

 make further international contributions through cultural

 exchange as one means of meeting its international

 responsibilities.




 3.  The Internationalization of Japan

     

      (i)  Increased international interdependence has

 resulted in a broadening and deepening of Japan's ties

 with the world.  As Japanese companies expand their

 business activities abroad, for example, many Japanese

 employees and their families have put down local roots in

 foreign society.  The number of Japanese living abroad in

 1993 was 680,000, representing an increase of 24% over the

 figure five years earlier.  In addition, the number of

 foreigners residing in Japan has reached 1.28 million --

 more than 1% of Japan's total population.

      Thus Japanese people now have many more opportunities

 for direct contact and involvement with people of other

 nationalities.  At the same time, the nature of Japanese

 society has also come to influence the international

 community in a variety of ways.  There is a need,

 therefore, for the nature of Japanese society and Japanese

 ways of thought to become far more open to the outside

 world.  Japan must also open its doors to foreigners, and

 respect the cultures and values of other countries.

      (ii)  At the same time, it has come to be understood

 in many areas of Japan that international cultural

 exchange not only promotes mutual understanding, but also

 plays an increasingly important role in internationalizing

 Japanese ways of thought and Japanese social institutions. 

 As the international community becomes more

 interdependent, the difference and degree of separation

 between a country's internal and external affairs has

 become even smaller than is commonly imagined.  The

 further development of international exchange thus require

 the participation of a greater number of individual

 citizens.

      We have entered an era in which Japan's

 internationalization depends upon the participation of all

 Japanese citizens in international exchanges.


 
II.  Towards a Rapid Expansion of International Cultural

      Exchange: Strengthening the Infrastructure

     

      In order to promote international cultural exchange

 in response to the needs of a new era, it is essential to

 make further improvements in the infrastructure for the

 actual development of such activities.  The various types

 of organizations involved in exchange must be

 strengthened, and human resources must be developed to

 participate in and bear responsibility for cultural

 exchange activities.  It goes without saying that

 financial resources are also important.  In the past there

 has been a tendency to stress the importance of

 international cultural exchange without following up these

 words with sufficient action; one reason for this was that

 insufficient attention was paid to fulfilling these basic

 conditions.  The most urgent task is to improve

 infrastructure, if only because of the increasing need to

 promote a wide variety of exchange activities.


  

 1.  Exchange Programs Organized at the Private and Local

     Level: Each Citizen as a Participant

     

      In addition to links between countries, today's

 international community is characterized by increased

 exchanges between local public bodies (for example, as in

 the establishment of sister-city relationships) and by the

 spread of cooperative international relationships at many

 levels, including private foundations, educational and

 research organizations, NGOs (non-governmental

 organizations) and other private organizations,

 corporations, and private individuals.  It has become

 essential to promote international exchanges which involve

 each individual citizen.  At this point of time, however,

 Japan is not necessarily a full participant in this

 network of international exchange and cooperation.  This

 is a result of the inadequate development and preparation

 of Japan's private sector.  Yet opportunities are growing

 for much development in this regard, particularly in the

 case of local organizations and NGOs, and for this reason

 it is important to make further improvements through

 measures such as those described below.  It also goes

 without saying that Japan's foreign exchanges, considered

 as a whole, should be invigorated and rendered more

 effective by taking advantage of the respective strengths

 of government, local public bodies, private organizations,

 corporations, and individuals, sharing responsibilities

 among these various actors, and promoting cooperation

 between the public and private sectors.

     

      (1)  In order to strengthen Japan's international

 cultural exchange activities, efforts should be made to

 allow private capital to play a larger role through the

 active and effective use of tax measures which extend

 preferential treatment to corporate and other donations in

 this area.  For example, suitable public interest

 corporations should be designated as special public

 interest promotion corporations, and information relating

 to the current state of special public interest promotion

 corporations should be further disseminated.

      (2)  In order to promote the participation of private

 organizations in international exchange and cooperation

 networks, the government and government-related

 institutions should provide positive support for private

 activities in the areas of human resource development and

 information dissemination.

      (3)  In recent years local areas in Japan have seen

 vigorous activity on the part of local public bodies,

 organizations based on public-private cooperation such as

 the Recognized Local International Exchange Associations,

 and private organizations promoting grass roots

 activities.  It is necessary to design measures which

 support the further strengthening of these new

 participants in international exchange.

      Also, smoother administration of procedures for the

 acquisition of corporate status by suitable private

 organizations should be encouraged through further public 

 disclosure of information concerning approval standards

 for the establishment of non-profit foundations.

      (4)  In order to develop human resources for

 international cultural exchange by local public bodies and

 the private sector, it is necessary for them to expand

 internship opportunities and strengthen personnel

 exchanges with the government and various other

 organizations.


     

 2.  Budget Increases for International Cultural Exchange

     

      The Japan Foundation and the Japan Society for the

 Promotion of Science play a major role in the government's

 international cultural exchange programs, and have

 steadily expanded their activities in recent years. 

 However the scope of their programs still pales in

 comparison with that of similar organizations in Europe

 and the United States.  These organizations are now faced

 with an urgent need for further expansion in order to

 respond to new demands for exchange activities.  They are

 also playing a growing role as conduits for public support

 to private and local organizations as the latter become

 more active in exchange activities in response to the

 increasingly diversified nature of international exchange.

      The amount of money budgeted for international

 cultural exchange is about 0.2% of the national budget. 

 Efforts to increase this figure and expand cultural

 exchange and cooperation continue to be important.

     

      (1)  The Japan Foundation and the Japan Society for

 the Promotion of Science have seen steady expansion in

 recent years, but some of their efforts still fall short. 

 It is hoped, therefore, that by the early years of the

 21st century these organizations will have doubled in size

 and that their infrastructure will also have expanded and

 improved.  From this perspective, serious consideration

 must also be given to measures which facilitate private-

 sector contributions to the Japan Foundation.

      (2)  In order to strengthen international cooperation

 at the cultural level, funds from Japan's Official

 Development Assistance (ODA) should also be actively

 utilized for cultural exchange.


     

 3.  Deregulation in International Cultural Exchange

     

      In addition to financial aid and human resource

 development, the government can facilitate international

 cultural exchange in many other ways.  For example, many

 cumbersome procedures are still encountered by scholars,

 researchers, and cultural figures who come to Japan from

 abroad, or who leave Japan for other countries.  This

 conveys the impression to foreign countries that Japan is

 a closed country, even in the cultural sphere.  In Japan's

 relations with the developed nations, the number of

 Japanese students and researchers going abroad far exceeds

 the number of foreign students and researchers coming to

 Japan.  Whatever the reasons for this phenomenon, it also

 contributes to the impression of an  imbalance in

 international cultural exchange.

      Interest in Japan is rising, and many foreign

 individuals and organizations wish to come and pursue

 activities in Japan.  For this reason it is necessary to

 facilitate exchange by relaxing various regulations as far

 as possible.  Also, since vigorous growth and development

 in the fields of information and communications is

 fundamental to the promotion of informational exchanges,

 it is desirable to improve the institutions so as to

 encourage new activities in these fields.

     

      (1)  Dissatisfaction exists regarding the length of

 time required to process applications for visas to enter

 Japan, and regarding the fact that personal guarantors are

 required for each applicant.  Accordingly, it is desirable

 to simplify procedures, improve the administration of the

 personal guarantor system, and make necessary adjustments

 to the system of processing visa applications in order to

 enable more rapid and appropriate processing for

 individuals involved in international cultural exchange. 

      (2)  Foreign organizations involved in exchange-

 related activities in Japan are sometimes unable to

 conduct their operations smoothly because of various

 circumstances such as the difficulty of obtaining

 corporate status.  Since the number of foreign actors

 promoting international cultural exchange with Japan is

 expected to increase, measures for improvement must be

 considered.


    

     

 III.  International Cultural Exchange Activities 

       for a New Era

     

      In order to promote international cultural exchange

 activities appropriate to a new era, a basic philosophy is

 needed regarding how Japan can best participate in and

 contribute to the international community.  Although the

 importance of exchange has been recognized for many years,

 the demands of the new era have increased the urgency in

 many areas.  Furthermore, new ways of thought will be

 required to promote effective international cultural

 exchange with an eye to the new era.  Most of all, to make

 international relationships a more peaceful, richer forum

 for exchange in a changing world order, Japan must fulfill

 the great cultural responsibilities befitting its status

 as an economic power.  One facet of these responsibilities

 is the promotion of international cultural exchange, which

 has increased in importance to the point that it affects

 Japan's very raison d'〓re.  Concrete activities should be

 developed on the basis of this fundamental perception.

 

    

 1.  Exchange Programs for a Better Future in the Asia-

     Pacific Region

     

      The rapid development of many of the Asia-Pacific

 countries, coupled with their deepening economic

 interdependence, is creating stronger intra-regional ties. 

 This region's development as an "open community" has great

 significance for the world as a whole, and Japan must play 

 an important role in this regard.  The promotion of

 extensive relationships of exchange and cooperation, not

 only at the government level but also involving private

 and local organizations, is a basic condition for the

 creation of this Asia-Pacific regional community.  In its

 relations with other Asian countries, Japan must work to

 build a new future while maintaining an accurate

 historical perspective in order to become a responsible

 international state.  In future Japan-US relations, as

 well, it is essential to promote cooperative relations

 while avoiding conflicts of interest in the Asia-Pacific

 region.  For these reasons, it is desirable that exchange

 within the Asia-Pacific region be given high priority for

 the future. 

     

      (1)  Next year will be the 50th anniversary of the

 end of World War II.  It is important for Japan to take

 advantage of this opportunity by making even greater

 efforts to build a future-oriented relationship with other

 countries in the region.

      In this context, it is important to promote various

 exchange projects within the Asia-Pacific region,

 particularly youth exchanges fostering cross-cultural

 communication, and to formulate the necessary measures for

 achieving this goal.

      (2)  Support should be given to activities which

 enable private and local organizations to create expanded

 networks of exchange and cooperation within the Asia-

 Pacific region.

      (3)  In order to provide the Japanese people with

 more information on Asia-Pacific cultures, it is important

 to improve the domestic infrastructure, in particular, of

 groups involved in cultural exchange.


     

 2.  Promoting Future-Oriented Exchange

     

      The promotion of international cultural exchange must

 be undertaken over the long term.  It is important to

 place special emphasis on the promotion of mutual

 understanding, cross-cultural communication, and dialogues

 and exchanges among young people, who hold the key to the

 future.

      In this sense, rapid improvements are needed in the

 framework for admitting foreign exchange students, and it

 is also desirable to expand exchanges with foreign leaders

 of tomorrow through programs such as JET (the Japan

 Exchange and Teaching Programme), which has already been

 successful in bringing foreign youth to Japan for foreign

 language instruction and other services.  Also important

 are efforts to increase international understanding

 through educational activities by making improvements in

 the framework for admitting young people of foreign

 nationality to schools in Japan and Japanese schools

 abroad.    It is also highly meaningful for Japanese young

 people to go abroad for exchange and cooperation in the

 form of foreign study, Japanese language teaching, and

 other activities which allow them to experience foreign

 conditions directly.  Likewise, it is important to promote

 exchanges with Japan in which young people of foreign

 nationality  come to Japan to participate in the various

 programs offered by domestic and foreign educational

 institutions.  To promote lasting mutual understanding,

 follow-up activities should also be pursued after the

 completion of these various exchange projects.

     

      (1)  For the purpose of increasing understanding of

 Japan in a variety of fields and developing future

 exchanges with Japan, it is desirable to establish a

 system of short-term student exchanges, which would allow

 individuals to study in Japanese universities for a year

 while still enrolled in a university in their home

 country.  This might also help to redress the imbalance in

 number of exchange students between Japan and other

 developed nations.

      (2)  To expedite realization of the "100,000 Foreign

 Students Plan," it is necessary to improve the

 infrastructure for admissions, education, and research at

 universities and other institutions.  Among other things

 it is necessary to build more dormitories for exchange

 students, increase the number of scholarships, administer

 the personal guarantor system more flexibly, and establish

 more foreign student centers.  The effectiveness of

 student exchanges could also be improved by disseminating

 more information on study in Japan and by improving pre-

 program arrangements and post-program follow-up for

 exchange students in Japan.

      (3)  More support should be given to local and

 private exchange organizations and volunteer groups, in

 order to promote grass-roots exchanges at the local level,

 such as student exchanges and youth exchanges.

      (4)  Both the size and the scope of the JET Programme

 should be enlarged, and the number of countries from which

 participants are invited should be increased.  Youth

 exchanges of various kinds, including those organized by

 the government, local public bodies, and the private

 sector, should also be promoted.  Also, more emphasis

 should be placed on follow-up activities for participants

 in the JET Programme and other youth exchanges, thereby

 contributing to their effectiveness.

      (5)  In order to increase opportunities for

 international citizen-level contact and exchange,

 especially among young people, sports exchanges should be

 promoted and the infrastructure for such exchanges should

 be strengthened.  Support should be given to international

 sporting competitions held in Japan, such as the 1998

 Winter Olympics in Nagano, and the framework for training

 instructors and coaches should also be improved.  Finally,

 cooperation in the areas of sports should be promoted with

 developing countries and other nations. 


    

 3.  Invigorating Foreign Cultural, Scientific and Academic

     Exchanges

     

      It is often pointed out that while Japan's

 international influence has grown, it is still not a full

 participant in international cultural, academic, and

 intellectual activities.  For example, there is still a 

 shortage of research and literature aimed at presenting

 foreign countries with an accurate picture of Japan's

 policy positions and the nature of its domestic debate on

 topics of international concern.  It is also said that

 Japan is not making an adequate contribution to the

 development of academic research, which forms the basis

 for solving many of the problems faced by the world today.

      Japan's attainment of economic power status has made

 it the focus of a surge of interest in recent years on the

 part of other countries.  In order to respond adequately

 to this interest, Japan must greatly improve its ability

 to communicate with the outside world.  To this end it is

 necessary to make many improvements in infrastructure:

 among other things, Japan must make efforts to improve its

 own cultural and academic infrastructure in order to

 substantially raise the quality of information to be

 conveyed; develop the human resources necessary for

 conveying this information; establish centers for exchange

 in Japan and abroad; and expand the number of fellowships

 available for research exchanges. 

      Efforts must be concentrated on transforming a

 relatively faceless Japan into a nation with a higher

 international profile for Japan.

     

      (1)  As a means of promoting academic exchange,

 research exchanges, particularly those involving young

 researchers, should be encouraged, as should joint

 research projects and other programs involving

 international exchange and cooperation.  At the same time,

 it is necessary to strengthen core research institutions

 and make other efforts to improve research conditions and

 raise research levels at universities and elsewhere. 

 These efforts will help to redress the imbalance in

 exchanges of research personnel with European countries

 and the US.  It is also desirable for the Japan Society

 for the Promotion of Science to improve liaison offices 

 overseas.

      (2)  Intellectual exchange should be promoted by

 creating opportunities for dialogue and exchange among

 opinion leaders from various countries and walks of life,

 including government, business, the bureaucracy, academia,

 and journalism.  Intellectual exchange will also be

 furthered by the establishment of overseas institutes for

 regional studies and the Japan Foundation Intellectual

 Exchange Promotion Centers overseas.

      (3)  Japan's ability to communicate research results

 should be improved by modernizing and accelerating

 academic networks, and by linking them to networks in

 other countries.

      (4)  Infrastructure for the promotion of regional

 studies must be strengthened by improving the domestic

 framework for regional studies, encouraging research

 exchanges with foreign researchers, and creating tighter

 linkages among domestic and foreign institutions.

      (5)  In order to collect information on international

 cultural exchange for dissemination here and abroad, a

 database of information on international cultural exchange

 should be created in Japan.  Relevant institutions should

 work together to make this database available on-line in 

 order to facilitate the effective dissemination of

 information.  In this context, efforts should be made to

 collect and disseminate a wide body of information on

 traditional and contemporary culture, keeping in mind that

 there is a growing demand overseas for information on

 contemporary Japan.

      Also, to promote the dissemination of information on

 regional cultural diversity in Japan, sister-city

 relationships and other international exchange activities

 by local public bodies should be encouraged.

      (6)  It is necessary to examine measures to further

 promote the translation of Japanese-language source

 materials and works of literature into foreign languages,

 and to arrange for their publication overseas.


     

 4.  Deepening Understanding of Japan

     

      Japan has come to exert a powerful economic presence

 on the international community, and the number of Japanese

 people living or traveling abroad also continues to grow

 rapidly.  However, it cannot be said that understanding of

 Japan in foreign countries has deepened correspondingly,

 or that there has emerged an overall, balanced

 understanding regarding the history and contemporary

 society of Japan and its people.  To the contrary, the

 increase in external contacts could lead to increased

 friction resulting from a lack of mutual understanding.

      Fortunately, interest in Japan is also increasing

 dramatically together with the deepening of ties with

 Japan.  The number of foreigners studying Japanese as a

 foreign language in Japan and abroad has reached three

 million, and the purpose and nature of such study has also

 diversified.  Responding effectively to this interest is

 the key to creating deeper understanding of Japan, and to

 creating greater friendship and ties with Japan among

 foreign countries.

      In an age when television is the major source of

 information about foreign countries for many of the

 world's people, it is essential to strengthen Japan's

 ability to transmit information by audio-visual media. 

 For example, television programs could be transmitted

 directly via satellite from Japan to foreign countries,

 and the latter could also be provided with access to news

 broadcasts, Japanese language education programs, and

 materials for these and other types of programs. 

 Moreover, given the rapid development of communications

 technology, it is important to find ways of developing

 Japanese language teaching methods and materials, and of

 presenting information on Japanese culture, which take

 advantage of multimedia and other new means of information

 and communication.

     

      (1)  Steps to realize the possibility of direct

 overseas television broadcasts must be accompanied by

 urgent efforts to create a domestic framework facilitating

 the provision of broadcast programs and material, and to

 establish international agreements facilitating the smooth

 implementation of direct overseas broadcasts. 

       (2)  One bottleneck in the flow of information from

 Japan to foreign countries is the extremely high cost of

 international communications lines used by the media. 

 (This is particularly true in the case of television.) 

 Measures to improve this situation must be considered.

      (3)  In order to respond to the increasing numbers

 and diversifying needs of Japanese language students, it

 is important to strengthen the infrastructure for Japanese

 language education at the Center for the Teaching of

 Japanese as a Second Language of the National Language

 Institute, the Japan Foundation's Japanese Language

 Institute, Kansai International Center and Language

 Centers, and elsewhere.  Wide-ranging support should also

 be given to improving the quality of Japanese language

 education while encouraging the study of Japanese here and

 abroad through: dispatch of experts and young Japanese-

 language instructors overseas, the training of foreign

 teachers of Japanese, exchanges with Japanese-language

 researchers in other countries, improved implementation of

 the Japanese-language proficiency examination, and the

 development of teaching materials, dictionaries, and

 teaching methods appropriate to diverse needs and diverse

 languages and cultural traditions.

      To promote the overseas dissemination of the Japanese

 language, emphasis should be placed on language

 instruction in junior and senior high-schools.  Attention

 should also be given to dissemination through individuals

 of Japanese descent and the use of Japanese schools

 located abroad.

      (4)  To provide more adequate Japanese-language

 instruction for foreigners who live in local areas of

 Japan, steps should be taken to create more opportunities

 for Japanese language instruction, to provide training for

 individuals (including volunteers) involved in teaching

 Japanese, and to develop better teaching materials.

      (5)  It is necessary to make improvements at

 institutions providing graduate-level training for

 Japanese language teachers, at the Center for the Teaching

 of Japanese as a Second Language of the National Language

 Institute and elsewhere in order to provide better

 training for future leaders in the field of language

 education.  At the same time, efforts are required to

 improve the quality of Japanese language teachers and

 provide them with more stable jobs.

      (6)  More support and information should be provided

 to research institutes and learned societies abroad which

 conduct research on Japan, and cooperative ties with these

 research institutions and researchers should be

 strengthened.

      (7)  Further improvements should be made at domestic

 organizations conducting research on Japan, such as the

 International Research Center for Japanese Studies, and

 more encouragement should be given to joint research and

 research exchanges involving foreign specialists on Japan. 

 Also, active emphasis should be placed on admitting

 exchange students in the area of Japanese studies.


     

 5.  International Contributions through Cultural Exchange

 

      In the face of a growing number of issues, such as

 environmental problems, which can only be solved through

 global cooperation, it is more important than ever for 

 Japan to greatly increase its international contribution

 in the non-military arena.

      Japan should take active steps to cooperate in the

 preservation, restoration, and promotion of the world's

 tangible and intangible cultural heritage, which is the

 common legacy of all mankind, and to demonstrate to the

 world Japan's strong commitment to the preservation of

 culture.  Another urgent task is to provide support in the

 form of know-how to former socialist countries to enable

 them to make smooth transitions toward democratic

 political systems and market economies.  It is also

 important for Japan to take a more active stance toward

 the resolution of issues which require international

 research and cooperation, such as environmental problems,

 development, and the plight of refugees.

      (1)  Infrastructural improvements are required to

 systematically encourage cooperation between the public

 and private sectors to preserve, restore, and promote the

 world's tangible and intangible cultural heritage.  At the

 same time, it is necessary to strengthen the

 infrastructure for research and human resources

 development in Japan, which forms the basis for such

 activities.  Support should also be given to private-

 sector cooperation for the protection of cultural assets,

 including the work of the Institute for the World Cultural

 Heritage.

      (2)  It is necessary to improve the development human

 resources responsible for cultural affairs in developing

 countries, and to cooperate in the establishment of bases

 for the promotion of culture in developing countries.

      (3)  There is an urgent need to provide developing

 countries and former socialist countries with support in

 the form of know-how for carrying out institutional

 reforms and developing the human resources necessary to do

 so.

      (4)  In order to address issues requiring

 international research and cooperation, it is important to

 promote the latter through academic exchanges,

 intellectual exchanges, and cooperation with the United

 Nations University and other international organizations. 

 At the same time, the development of international

 exchange activities by local public bodies, NGOs and other

 private organizations, corporations, and private

 individuals in the area of international cooperation

 should be encouraged.


     

 6.  Contributing to the Development of a Richer World

     Culture

     

      Exchanges in the field of the arts and culture play

 an important role in creating mutual understanding between

 peoples of different cultures throughout the world.  In

 addition to these exchanges, it is important to make an

 active contribution to the development of world culture by

 creating new cultural forms through joint undertakings by

 artists from various countries in Asia and elsewhere.

      In order to promote exchanges in the field of arts

 and culture, it is necessary for Japan to promote its own

 artistic and cultural activities while at the same time

 laying the necessary groundwork to become a forum for

 cultural creation by foreign as well as Japanese artists, 

 thus expanding its exchanges with foreign countries.

      Also, in order to protect the rights of artists and

 give support to their creative activities, it is necessary

 to disseminate the idea of literary and artistic

 copyrights in forums for international cultural exchange,

 and to take care to respect such copyrights.

     

      (1)  Support should be given to Japanese artists and

 artistic groups participating in presentations of Japan's

 artistic culture or in international festivals.  Support

 should also be given to training programs for Japanese

 artists, stage technicians, and artistic managers, as well

 as to joint artistic productions.

      (2)  Consideration should be given to designating the

 21st Century as the "Century of Friendship and Culture"

 and to commemorating the start of the new century with a

 "21st Century International Culture Festival" or world

 festival of the arts.

      (3)  As a means of introducing Japanese films to

 overseas audiences, the infrastructure of relevant

 organizations such as the National Film Center of the

 Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art and the Japan

 Foundation should be enhanced, as should the level of

 coordination among these organizations.

      (4)  To promote artistic and cultural exchanges,

 efforts should be made to increase the budgets of the

 Agency for Cultural Affairs and the Japan Foundation and

 to strengthen other artistic and cultural organizations in

 Japan, such as the proposed New National Theatre

 (tentative name), which can serve as bases for future

 exchange.  At the same time, it is necessary to support

 the activities of private artistic groups by increased

 public assistance and through preferential tax treatment

 for donations.

 

    

                              Conclusion

                                        

      It is our hope that Japan will further enrich its own

 culture for the sake of posterity through increasingly

 diverse exchanges with other cultures in a world at peace. 

 For this purpose we must also seek to make Japan an

 appealing exchange partner for foreign countries and an

 appealing site for mutual exchange.

      As domestic and foreign conditions change, Japan's

 individual citizens are reexamining their values and

 systems in the hope that institutional reforms in various

 sectors of Japanese society will keep pace with the

 demands of a new era.  Now is the time to move firmly

 ahead in the area of international cultural exchange by

 adjusting the domestic framework and strengthening the

 infrastructure for exchange.

      More than anything, it is important that the

 recommendations contained in this report be faithfully

 carried out.  We hope that the contents of the report will

 be fully implemented by invigorating the Conference for

 the Promotion of International Cultural Exchange, which is

 currently supervised by the cabinet, and by strengthening

 coordination among relevant government ministries and 

 agencies.  At the same time, ad hoc meetings of experts

 should be held in the presence of the Prime Minister to

 report on and discuss the progress of implementation.